People’s tendency to succumb to the phenomenon of making confirmation biases may lead to disastrous decisions. Since confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs, these may dramatically strengthen beliefs that when faced with contrary evidence, the result might be disastrous, especially in organizational, [healthcare,] military, and political contexts.
https://explorable.com/confirmation-bias
also see:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201504/what-is-confirmation-bias
https://effectiviology.com/confirmation-bias/
The concept of metacognition was introduced in the 1970s by Flavell25 and developed in the context of psychological education theory. Essentially, it means thinking about thinking. It describes an individual's ability to stand apart from his or her own thinking, to observe it, and to recognize opportunities for using interventional thinking strategies. It distinguishes adult from child thinking and the thinking of experts from that of nonexperts. Metacognition has been described as one of the “distinguishing hallmarks of adult human intelligence”26 and is characterized by a number of core features (Table 3).
https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(02)84945-9/fulltext
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